GE-10 (1999)
Popular Vote vs Seats
How closely each coalition's seats match its popular vote — the Gallagher disproportionality index, the winner's bonus and the effective number of parties (ENP) over time.
Gallagher index19.40▲ 3.01 vs previous
Effective parties (votes)2.07no change
Effective parties (seats)1.57▲ 0.19 vs previous
Winner's bonus+20.2 ptsBN
How to read this
- BN won 56.5% of the votes but 76.7% of the seats.
- Gallagher index 19.4: 0 means seats match votes exactly; above 10 indicates high disproportionality (common under first-past-the-post).
- The effective number of parties by votes is 2.1 — roughly how many serious contenders there really were.
Vote % vs seat % (%) GE-10 (1999)
Gallagher index Lower = more proportional
Effective number of parties (ENP) Laakso–Taagepera: 1 ÷ Σ(share²)
Votes & seats breakdown — GE-10 (1999)
| Coalition | Contested | Votes | % votes | Won | % seats | Gap (pts) | Vote % vs seat % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BN Profile | 193 | 3,761,093 | 56.5% | 148 | 76.7% | +20.2 | |
| BA Profile | 173 | 2,681,086 | 40.3% | 42 | 21.8% | -18.5 | |
| Independent / no coalition | 63 | 214,646 | 3.2% | 3 | 1.6% | -1.7 |
Indices for each election
| GE | Gallagher index | Effective parties (votes) | Effective parties (seats) | Winner's bonus |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GE-15 (2022) | 7.93 | 3.47 | 3.59 | -1.1 |
| GE-14 (2018) | 7.46 | 2.84 | 2.53 | +5.2 |
| GE-13 (2013) | 11.76 | 2.07 | 1.92 | +12.5 |
| GE-12 (2008) | 11.13 | 2.04 | 1.87 | +11.7 |
| GE-11 (2004) | 24.14 | 2.08 | 1.22 | +26.6 |
| GE-10 (1999) | 19.40 | 2.07 | 1.57 | +20.2 |
| GE-9 (1995) | 16.39 | 2.08 | 1.38 | +19.2 |
| GE-8 (1990) | 15.49 | 2.65 | 1.85 | +17.2 |
| GE-7 (1986) | 23.20 | 2.37 | 1.38 | +26.3 |
| GE-6 (1982) | 25.17 | 1.91 | 1.32 | +25.2 |
| GE-5 (1978) | 27.18 | 1.96 | 1.36 | +27.2 |
| GE-4 (1974) | 26.93 | 1.91 | 1.28 | +26.9 |
| GE-3 (1969) | 16.21 | 1.99 | 1.88 | +16.2 |
| GE-2 (1964) | 23.43 | 2.31 | 1.34 | +27.0 |
| GE-1 (1959) | 17.38 | 2.44 | 1.80 | +19.4 |
| Federal Legislative Council 1955 | 16.40 | 1.43 | 1.04 | +16.4 |
Popular vote counts contested seats only; seats won unopposed count only as seats. "Independent / no coalition" includes non-aligned parties.