State Election Round 3 (1969–1979)
Popular Vote vs Seats
How closely each coalition's seats match its popular vote — the Gallagher disproportionality index, the winner's bonus and the effective number of parties (ENP) over time.
Gallagher index17.93▼ 8.10 vs previous
Effective parties (votes)1.83▼ 0.89 vs previous
Effective parties (seats)1.38▼ 0.29 vs previous
Winner's bonus+17.9 ptsIndependent / no coalition
How to read this
- Independent / no coalition won 65.4% of the votes but 83.3% of the seats.
- Gallagher index 17.9: 0 means seats match votes exactly; above 10 indicates high disproportionality (common under first-past-the-post).
- The effective number of parties by votes is 1.8 — roughly how many serious contenders there really were.
Vote % vs seat % (%) State Election Round 3 (1969–1979) · Pulau Pinang
Gallagher index Lower = more proportional
Effective number of parties (ENP) Laakso–Taagepera: 1 ÷ Σ(share²)
Votes & seats breakdown — State Election Round 3 (1969–1979)
| Coalition | Contested | Votes | % votes | Won | % seats | Gap (pts) | Vote % vs seat % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Independent / no coalition | 34 | 135,663 | 65.4% | 20 | 83.3% | +17.9 | |
| PERIKATAN Profile | 24 | 71,772 | 34.6% | 4 | 16.7% | -17.9 |
Indices for each election
| GE | Gallagher index | Effective parties (votes) | Effective parties (seats) | Winner's bonus |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| State Election Round 15 (2021–2025) | 5.95 | 2.08 | 1.87 | +6.6 |
| State Election Round 14 (2018–2020) | 22.31 | 1.96 | 1.16 | +25.3 |
| State Election Round 13 (2013–2018) | 7.30 | 1.79 | 1.60 | +7.5 |
| State Election Round 12 (2008–2021) | 13.54 | 1.94 | 1.66 | +13.6 |
| State Election Round 11 (2004–2016) | 27.65 | 2.14 | 1.11 | +31.9 |
| State Election Round 10 (1999–2011) | 32.24 | 1.95 | 1.20 | +32.4 |
| State Election Round 9 (1995–2006) | 29.39 | 1.90 | 1.06 | +31.2 |
| State Election Round 8 (1990–2001) | 7.33 | 2.29 | 1.96 | +4.1 |
| State Election Round 7 (1986–1996) | 16.19 | 2.37 | 1.73 | +18.7 |
| State Election Round 6 (1982–1991) | 33.26 | 1.93 | 1.16 | +33.3 |
| State Election Round 5 (1978–1987) | 27.63 | 1.99 | 1.62 | +27.6 |
| State Election Round 4 (1974–1983) | 34.55 | 2.00 | 1.34 | +34.6 |
| State Election Round 3 (1969–1979) | 17.93 | 1.83 | 1.38 | +17.9 |
| State Election Round 2 (1964–1974) | 26.04 | 2.71 | 1.67 | +27.8 |
| State Election Round 1 (1959–1969) | 19.67 | 2.60 | 1.70 | +19.8 |
Popular vote counts contested seats only; seats won unopposed count only as seats. "Independent / no coalition" includes non-aligned parties.