State Election Round 15 (2021–2025)
Popular Vote vs Seats
How closely each coalition's seats match its popular vote — the Gallagher disproportionality index, the winner's bonus and the effective number of parties (ENP) over time.
Gallagher index12.06▲ 0.14 vs previous
Effective parties (votes)2.92▲ 0.34 vs previous
Effective parties (seats)2.61▲ 0.41 vs previous
Winner's bonus+13.3 ptsPN
How to read this
- PN won 30.7% of the votes but 44.1% of the seats.
- Gallagher index 12.1: 0 means seats match votes exactly; above 10 indicates high disproportionality (common under first-past-the-post).
- The effective number of parties by votes is 2.9 — roughly how many serious contenders there really were.
Vote % vs seat % (%) State Election Round 15 (2021–2025) · Perak
Gallagher index Lower = more proportional
Effective number of parties (ENP) Laakso–Taagepera: 1 ÷ Σ(share²)
Votes & seats breakdown — State Election Round 15 (2021–2025)
| Coalition | Contested | Votes | % votes | Won | % seats | Gap (pts) | Vote % vs seat % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PN Profile | 59 | 455,734 | 30.7% | 26 | 44.1% | +13.3 | |
| PH Profile | 59 | 632,885 | 42.7% | 24 | 40.7% | -2.0 | |
| BN Profile | 59 | 380,816 | 25.7% | 9 | 15.3% | -10.4 | |
| Independent / no coalition | 23 | 9,245 | 0.6% | 0 | 0.0% | -0.6 | |
| GTA Profile | 20 | 4,277 | 0.3% | 0 | 0.0% | -0.3 |
Indices for each election
| GE | Gallagher index | Effective parties (votes) | Effective parties (seats) | Winner's bonus |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| State Election Round 15 (2021–2025) | 12.06 | 2.92 | 2.61 | +13.3 |
| State Election Round 14 (2018–2020) | 11.93 | 2.57 | 2.20 | -0.9 |
| State Election Round 13 (2013–2018) | 7.87 | 2.00 | 1.99 | +8.1 |
| State Election Round 12 (2008–2021) | 0.17 | 2.00 | 1.99 | +0.1 |
| State Election Round 11 (2004–2016) | 26.05 | 2.28 | 1.26 | +28.5 |
| State Election Round 10 (1999–2011) | 29.07 | 1.98 | 1.35 | +29.2 |
| State Election Round 9 (1995–2006) | 24.73 | 1.90 | 1.04 | +28.7 |
| State Election Round 8 (1990–2001) | 18.90 | 2.46 | 1.68 | +15.9 |
| State Election Round 7 (1986–1996) | 16.56 | 2.44 | 1.68 | +17.6 |
| State Election Round 6 (1982–1991) | 30.12 | 1.92 | 1.21 | +30.1 |
| State Election Round 5 (1978–1987) | 25.69 | 2.00 | 1.57 | +25.7 |
| State Election Round 4 (1974–1983) | 20.83 | 1.99 | 1.63 | +20.8 |
| State Election Round 3 (1969–1979) | 3.90 | 1.97 | 2.00 | -3.9 |
| State Election Round 2 (1964–1974) | 29.89 | 2.23 | 1.28 | +32.9 |
| State Election Round 1 (1959–1969) | 21.18 | 2.12 | 1.54 | +22.8 |
Popular vote counts contested seats only; seats won unopposed count only as seats. "Independent / no coalition" includes non-aligned parties.