GE-5 (1978)
Popular Vote vs Seats
How closely each coalition's seats match its popular vote — the Gallagher disproportionality index, the winner's bonus and the effective number of parties (ENP) over time.
Gallagher index32.80▲ 25.56 vs previous
Effective parties (votes)1.87▼ 0.11 vs previous
Effective parties (seats)1.09▼ 0.80 vs previous
Winner's bonus+32.8 ptsBN
How to read this
- BN won 63.0% of the votes but 95.8% of the seats.
- Gallagher index 32.8: 0 means seats match votes exactly; above 10 indicates high disproportionality (common under first-past-the-post).
- The effective number of parties by votes is 1.9 — roughly how many serious contenders there really were.
Vote % vs seat % (%) GE-5 (1978) · Sarawak
Gallagher index Lower = more proportional
Effective number of parties (ENP) Laakso–Taagepera: 1 ÷ Σ(share²)
Votes & seats breakdown — GE-5 (1978)
| Coalition | Contested | Votes | % votes | Won | % seats | Gap (pts) | Vote % vs seat % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BN Profile | 24 | 161,539 | 63.0% | 23 | 95.8% | +32.8 | |
| Independent / no coalition | 36 | 94,749 | 37.0% | 1 | 4.2% | -32.8 |
Indices for each election
| GE | Gallagher index | Effective parties (votes) | Effective parties (seats) | Winner's bonus |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GE-15 (2022) | 16.03 | 2.34 | 1.69 | +18.0 |
| GE-14 (2018) | 10.36 | 2.15 | 2.07 | +8.8 |
| GE-13 (2013) | 20.13 | 2.05 | 1.45 | +21.8 |
| GE-12 (2008) | 29.80 | 1.99 | 1.07 | +32.6 |
| GE-11 (2004) | 29.84 | 1.85 | 1.07 | +30.6 |
| GE-10 (1999) | 30.55 | 1.98 | 1.00 | +34.1 |
| GE-9 (1995) | 28.44 | 2.11 | 1.08 | +32.7 |
| GE-8 (1990) | 17.97 | 2.39 | 1.58 | +20.7 |
| GE-7 (1986) | 32.44 | 1.98 | 1.28 | +32.4 |
| GE-6 (1982) | 22.41 | 1.96 | 1.49 | +22.4 |
| GE-5 (1978) | 32.80 | 1.87 | 1.09 | +32.8 |
| GE-4 (1974) | 7.25 | 1.98 | 1.88 | +7.2 |
| GE-3 (1969) | 7.44 | 1.52 | 1.70 | -7.4 |
Popular vote counts contested seats only; seats won unopposed count only as seats. "Independent / no coalition" includes non-aligned parties.