GE-8 (1990)
Popular Vote vs Seats
How closely each coalition's seats match its popular vote — the Gallagher disproportionality index, the winner's bonus and the effective number of parties (ENP) over time.
Gallagher index37.09▼ 0.84 vs previous
Effective parties (votes)1.92▼ 0.12 vs previous
Effective parties (seats)1.00no change
Winner's bonus+37.7 ptsBN
How to read this
- BN won 62.3% of the votes but 100.0% of the seats.
- Gallagher index 37.1: 0 means seats match votes exactly; above 10 indicates high disproportionality (common under first-past-the-post).
- The effective number of parties by votes is 1.9 — roughly how many serious contenders there really were.
Vote % vs seat % (%) GE-8 (1990) · Kedah
Gallagher index Lower = more proportional
Effective number of parties (ENP) Laakso–Taagepera: 1 ÷ Σ(share²)
Votes & seats breakdown — GE-8 (1990)
| Coalition | Contested | Votes | % votes | Won | % seats | Gap (pts) | Vote % vs seat % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BN Profile | 14 | 300,705 | 62.3% | 14 | 100.0% | +37.7 | |
| APU Profile | 14 | 175,943 | 36.5% | 0 | 0.0% | -36.5 | |
| GR Profile | 1 | 5,360 | 1.1% | 0 | 0.0% | -1.1 | |
| Independent / no coalition | 1 | 537 | 0.1% | 0 | 0.0% | -0.1 |
Indices for each election
| GE | Gallagher index | Effective parties (votes) | Effective parties (seats) | Winner's bonus |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GE-15 (2022) | 32.65 | 2.53 | 1.14 | +38.4 |
| GE-14 (2018) | 24.50 | 2.97 | 1.99 | +28.1 |
| GE-13 (2013) | 15.62 | 2.04 | 1.80 | +16.1 |
| GE-12 (2008) | 20.17 | 1.99 | 1.64 | +20.2 |
| GE-11 (2004) | 33.58 | 1.93 | 1.14 | +33.6 |
| GE-10 (1999) | 9.10 | 1.97 | 1.99 | +9.1 |
| GE-9 (1995) | 35.32 | 1.85 | 1.00 | +35.4 |
| GE-8 (1990) | 37.09 | 1.92 | 1.00 | +37.7 |
| GE-7 (1986) | 37.93 | 2.03 | 1.00 | +39.8 |
| GE-6 (1982) | 31.07 | 1.90 | 1.17 | +31.1 |
| GE-5 (1978) | 27.51 | 1.96 | 1.35 | +27.5 |
| GE-4 (1974) | 25.48 | 1.61 | 1.00 | +25.5 |
| GE-3 (1969) | 21.51 | 1.99 | 1.60 | +21.5 |
| GE-2 (1964) | 29.34 | 1.84 | 1.00 | +31.4 |
| GE-1 (1959) | 31.71 | 1.97 | 1.00 | +34.7 |
| Federal Legislative Council 1955 | 6.66 | 1.14 | 1.00 | +6.7 |
Popular vote counts contested seats only; seats won unopposed count only as seats. "Independent / no coalition" includes non-aligned parties.