GE-10 (1999)
Popular Vote vs Seats
How closely each coalition's seats match its popular vote — the Gallagher disproportionality index, the winner's bonus and the effective number of parties (ENP) over time.
Gallagher index9.60▲ 3.49 vs previous
Effective parties (votes)2.02▼ 0.11 vs previous
Effective parties (seats)1.92no change
Winner's bonus+9.8 ptsBN
How to read this
- BN won 50.2% of the votes but 60.0% of the seats.
- Gallagher index 9.6: 0 means seats match votes exactly; above 10 indicates high disproportionality (common under first-past-the-post).
- The effective number of parties by votes is 2.0 — roughly how many serious contenders there really were.
Vote % vs seat % (%) GE-10 (1999) · W.P. Kuala Lumpur
Gallagher index Lower = more proportional
Effective number of parties (ENP) Laakso–Taagepera: 1 ÷ Σ(share²)
Votes & seats breakdown — GE-10 (1999)
| Coalition | Contested | Votes | % votes | Won | % seats | Gap (pts) | Vote % vs seat % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BN Profile | 10 | 220,529 | 50.2% | 6 | 60.0% | +9.8 | |
| BA Profile | 10 | 216,927 | 49.4% | 4 | 40.0% | -9.4 | |
| Independent / no coalition | 4 | 1,792 | 0.4% | 0 | 0.0% | -0.4 |
Indices for each election
| GE | Gallagher index | Effective parties (votes) | Effective parties (seats) | Winner's bonus |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GE-15 (2022) | 24.77 | 2.19 | 1.20 | +28.3 |
| GE-14 (2018) | 25.12 | 2.11 | 1.20 | +26.5 |
| GE-13 (2013) | 16.78 | 1.86 | 1.42 | +17.2 |
| GE-12 (2008) | 28.90 | 1.89 | 1.20 | +29.0 |
| GE-11 (2004) | 14.57 | 2.33 | 1.86 | +5.5 |
| GE-10 (1999) | 9.60 | 2.02 | 1.92 | +9.8 |
| GE-9 (1995) | 6.11 | 2.13 | 1.92 | +1.1 |
| GE-8 (1990) | 9.87 | 2.42 | 1.96 | +10.3 |
| GE-7 (1986) | 5.28 | 2.21 | 1.96 | +3.9 |
| GE-6 (1982) | 9.85 | 2.00 | 1.92 | +9.8 |
| GE-5 (1978) | 14.95 | 1.60 | 1.92 | -15.0 |
| GE-4 (1974) | 3.98 | 1.97 | 1.92 | +4.0 |
Popular vote counts contested seats only; seats won unopposed count only as seats. "Independent / no coalition" includes non-aligned parties.