GE-12 (2008)
Popular Vote vs Seats
How closely each coalition's seats match its popular vote — the Gallagher disproportionality index, the winner's bonus and the effective number of parties (ENP) over time.
Gallagher index24.41▲ 12.74 vs previous
Effective parties (votes)1.58▲ 0.33 vs previous
Effective parties (seats)1.00no change
Winner's bonus+24.4 ptsBN
How to read this
- BN won 75.6% of the votes but 100.0% of the seats.
- Gallagher index 24.4: 0 means seats match votes exactly; above 10 indicates high disproportionality (common under first-past-the-post).
- The effective number of parties by votes is 1.6 — roughly how many serious contenders there really were.
Vote % vs seat % (%) GE-12 (2008) · W.P. Putrajaya
Gallagher index Lower = more proportional
Effective number of parties (ENP) Laakso–Taagepera: 1 ÷ Σ(share²)
Votes & seats breakdown — GE-12 (2008)
| Coalition | Contested | Votes | % votes | Won | % seats | Gap (pts) | Vote % vs seat % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BN Profile | 1 | 4,038 | 75.6% | 1 | 100.0% | +24.4 | |
| PR Profile | 1 | 1,304 | 24.4% | 0 | 0.0% | -24.4 |
Indices for each election
| GE | Gallagher index | Effective parties (votes) | Effective parties (seats) | Winner's bonus |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GE-15 (2022) | 49.20 | 2.80 | 1.00 | +56.3 |
| GE-14 (2018) | 45.00 | 2.54 | 1.00 | +50.5 |
| GE-13 (2013) | 30.69 | 1.74 | 1.00 | +30.7 |
| GE-12 (2008) | 24.41 | 1.58 | 1.00 | +24.4 |
| GE-11 (2004) | 11.67 | 1.26 | 1.00 | +11.7 |
Popular vote counts contested seats only; seats won unopposed count only as seats. "Independent / no coalition" includes non-aligned parties.