State Election Round 7 (1986–1996)
Popular Vote vs Seats
How closely each coalition's seats match its popular vote — the Gallagher disproportionality index, the winner's bonus and the effective number of parties (ENP) over time.
Gallagher index25.55▼ 3.46 vs previous
Effective parties (votes)1.94▲ 0.24 vs previous
Effective parties (seats)1.06▲ 0.06 vs previous
Winner's bonus+29.2 ptsBN
How to read this
- BN won 68.0% of the votes but 97.2% of the seats.
- Gallagher index 25.5: 0 means seats match votes exactly; above 10 indicates high disproportionality (common under first-past-the-post).
- The effective number of parties by votes is 1.9 — roughly how many serious contenders there really were.
Vote % vs seat % (%) State Election Round 7 (1986–1996) · Johor
Gallagher index Lower = more proportional
Effective number of parties (ENP) Laakso–Taagepera: 1 ÷ Σ(share²)
Votes & seats breakdown — State Election Round 7 (1986–1996)
| Coalition | Contested | Votes | % votes | Won | % seats | Gap (pts) | Vote % vs seat % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BN Profile | 36 | 359,878 | 68.0% | 35 | 97.2% | +29.2 | |
| Independent / no coalition | 11 | 73,858 | 14.0% | 1 | 2.8% | -11.2 | |
| HAK Profile | 29 | 95,577 | 18.1% | 0 | 0.0% | -18.1 |
Indices for each election
| GE | Gallagher index | Effective parties (votes) | Effective parties (seats) | Winner's bonus |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| State Election Round 16 (2026) | 22.92 | 2.15 | 1.32 | +26.1 |
| State Election Round 15 (2021–2025) | 24.47 | 3.15 | 1.79 | +28.3 |
| State Election Round 14 (2018–2020) | 9.47 | 2.27 | 1.89 | +10.9 |
| State Election Round 13 (2013–2018) | 13.76 | 2.00 | 1.77 | +13.9 |
| State Election Round 12 (2008–2021) | 25.62 | 1.90 | 1.24 | +26.2 |
| State Election Round 11 (2004–2016) | 18.09 | 1.60 | 1.04 | +20.8 |
| State Election Round 10 (1999–2011) | 27.67 | 1.67 | 1.00 | +27.7 |
| State Election Round 9 (1995–2006) | 19.30 | 1.61 | 1.00 | +22.7 |
| State Election Round 8 (1990–2001) | 24.29 | 2.20 | 1.25 | +27.4 |
| State Election Round 7 (1986–1996) | 25.55 | 1.94 | 1.06 | +29.2 |
| State Election Round 6 (1982–1991) | 29.01 | 1.70 | 1.00 | +29.0 |
| State Election Round 5 (1978–1987) | 23.16 | 1.63 | 1.06 | +23.2 |
| State Election Round 4 (1974–1983) | 26.45 | 1.71 | 1.06 | +26.4 |
| State Election Round 3 (1969–1979) | 28.78 | 1.84 | 1.13 | +28.8 |
| State Election Round 2 (1964–1974) | 29.04 | 1.92 | 1.00 | +32.4 |
| State Election Round 1 (1959–1969) | 20.27 | 1.95 | 1.29 | +20.5 |
Popular vote counts contested seats only; seats won unopposed count only as seats. "Independent / no coalition" includes non-aligned parties.