State Election Round 15 (2021–2025)
Popular Vote vs Seats
How closely each coalition's seats match its popular vote — the Gallagher disproportionality index, the winner's bonus and the effective number of parties (ENP) over time.
Gallagher index11.53▲ 2.47 vs previous
Effective parties (votes)2.85▲ 0.31 vs previous
Effective parties (seats)2.45▲ 0.30 vs previous
Winner's bonus-2.1 ptsIndependent / no coalition
How to read this
- Independent / no coalition won 51.4% of the votes but 49.3% of the seats.
- Gallagher index 11.5: 0 means seats match votes exactly; above 10 indicates high disproportionality (common under first-past-the-post).
- The effective number of parties by votes is 2.8 — roughly how many serious contenders there really were.
Vote % vs seat % (%) State Election Round 15 (2021–2025) · Sabah
Gallagher index Lower = more proportional
Effective number of parties (ENP) Laakso–Taagepera: 1 ÷ Σ(share²)
Votes & seats breakdown — State Election Round 15 (2021–2025)
| Coalition | Contested | Votes | % votes | Won | % seats | Gap (pts) | Vote % vs seat % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Independent / no coalition | 432 | 580,475 | 51.4% | 36 | 49.3% | -2.1 | |
| GRS Profile | 55 | 286,389 | 25.4% | 29 | 39.7% | +14.4 | |
| BN Profile | 45 | 144,584 | 12.8% | 6 | 8.2% | -4.6 | |
| PH Profile | 22 | 75,938 | 6.7% | 1 | 1.4% | -5.4 | |
| PN Profile | 42 | 41,584 | 3.7% | 1 | 1.4% | -2.3 |
Indices for each election
| GE | Gallagher index | Effective parties (votes) | Effective parties (seats) | Winner's bonus |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| State Election Round 15 (2021–2025) | 11.53 | 2.85 | 2.45 | -2.1 |
| State Election Round 14 (2018–2020) | 9.05 | 2.54 | 2.15 | +8.8 |
| State Election Round 13 (2013–2018) | 5.62 | 3.12 | 2.67 | +6.3 |
| State Election Round 12 (2008–2021) | 21.18 | 2.34 | 1.48 | +24.4 |
| State Election Round 11 (2004–2016) | 33.54 | 2.04 | 1.03 | +36.2 |
| State Election Round 10 (1999–2011) | 31.77 | 2.00 | 1.03 | +34.5 |
| State Election Round 9 (1995–2006) | 18.18 | 1.99 | 1.84 | +18.2 |
| State Election Round 8 (1990–2001) | 1.61 | 1.99 | 2.00 | -1.6 |
| State Election Round 7 (1986–1996) | 19.93 | 1.47 | 1.00 | +19.9 |
| State Election Round 6 (1982–1991) | 15.41 | 1.41 | 1.04 | +15.4 |
| State Election Round 5 (1978–1987) | 18.03 | 1.74 | 1.28 | +18.0 |
| State Election Round 4 (1974–1983) | 26.40 | 2.17 | 1.18 | +30.3 |
| State Election Round 3 (1969–1979) | 1.93 | 1.97 | 1.95 | +1.9 |
| State Election Round 1 (1959–1969) | 5.89 | 1.20 | 1.06 | +5.9 |
Popular vote counts contested seats only; seats won unopposed count only as seats. "Independent / no coalition" includes non-aligned parties.