State Election Round 15 (2021–2025)
Popular Vote vs Seats
How closely each coalition's seats match its popular vote — the Gallagher disproportionality index, the winner's bonus and the effective number of parties (ENP) over time.
Gallagher index5.91▼ 18.02 vs previous
Effective parties (votes)2.41▲ 0.28 vs previous
Effective parties (seats)2.07▲ 0.88 vs previous
Winner's bonus+5.8 ptsPH
How to read this
- PH won 51.4% of the votes but 57.1% of the seats.
- Gallagher index 5.9: 0 means seats match votes exactly; above 10 indicates high disproportionality (common under first-past-the-post).
- The effective number of parties by votes is 2.4 — roughly how many serious contenders there really were.
Vote % vs seat % (%) State Election Round 15 (2021–2025) · Selangor
Gallagher index Lower = more proportional
Effective number of parties (ENP) Laakso–Taagepera: 1 ÷ Σ(share²)
Votes & seats breakdown — State Election Round 15 (2021–2025)
| Coalition | Contested | Votes | % votes | Won | % seats | Gap (pts) | Vote % vs seat % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PH Profile | 44 | 1,375,902 | 51.4% | 32 | 57.1% | +5.8 | |
| PN Profile | 56 | 1,012,647 | 37.8% | 22 | 39.3% | +1.5 | |
| BN Profile | 12 | 246,053 | 9.2% | 2 | 3.6% | -5.6 | |
| Independent / no coalition | 35 | 44,495 | 1.7% | 0 | 0.0% | -1.7 |
Indices for each election
| GE | Gallagher index | Effective parties (votes) | Effective parties (seats) | Winner's bonus |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| State Election Round 15 (2021–2025) | 5.91 | 2.41 | 2.07 | +5.8 |
| State Election Round 14 (2018–2020) | 23.93 | 2.13 | 1.20 | +27.7 |
| State Election Round 13 (2013–2018) | 18.30 | 1.94 | 1.51 | +18.6 |
| State Election Round 12 (2008–2021) | 8.17 | 1.98 | 1.85 | +8.3 |
| State Election Round 11 (2004–2016) | 28.54 | 2.02 | 1.07 | +31.4 |
| State Election Round 10 (1999–2011) | 30.78 | 1.98 | 1.28 | +31.0 |
| State Election Round 9 (1995–2006) | 17.45 | 1.73 | 1.13 | +20.1 |
| State Election Round 8 (1990–2001) | 21.94 | 2.27 | 1.40 | +23.3 |
| State Election Round 7 (1986–1996) | 22.24 | 2.15 | 1.27 | +25.7 |
| State Election Round 6 (1982–1991) | 25.48 | 1.76 | 1.13 | +25.5 |
| State Election Round 5 (1978–1987) | 27.12 | 1.91 | 1.27 | +27.1 |
| State Election Round 4 (1974–1983) | 32.39 | 1.94 | 1.20 | +32.4 |
| State Election Round 3 (1969–1979) | 8.44 | 1.94 | 2.00 | +8.4 |
| State Election Round 2 (1964–1974) | 26.80 | 2.33 | 1.32 | +30.6 |
| State Election Round 1 (1959–1969) | 21.95 | 2.36 | 1.45 | +24.6 |
Popular vote counts contested seats only; seats won unopposed count only as seats. "Independent / no coalition" includes non-aligned parties.